Accumulator Generator - Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham]
ACM "Hello, World" Project - List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
Ada 95, Java, and C++ - Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is nearer Ada 95 than C++, except in syntax.
Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman - Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
Advanced Programming Language Design - Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
The BNF Web Club Language - Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
C# from a Java Developer's Perspective - Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
The Case against C - Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada - Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
Comparing Mercury and Haskell - Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell.
A Comparison between 10 Languages - Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk.
Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2 - Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game - Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
Contrast Ruby and Other Languages - Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short, some humor. English, Japanese version.
D vs Other Languages - Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
Forth and Not C - Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
Forth Versus C - Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality - Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size. [PDF]
HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages - History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
In Search of the Ideal Programming Language - Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language.
Io Comparisons - Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison - Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples. [PDF]
Java Benchmark - By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
Java vs. C# - Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
Language Options Comparison - Compares scripting language feature options, in various categories. Pros and cons given for each feature variant. Text, code samples, table.
Languages Versus D - Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
Lisp as an Alternative to Java - Brief text on comparisons of C, C++, Java, Lisp, Ron Garret / Erann Gat study, with conforming example program Lisp source code; very useful links.
Lisp as an Alternative to Java - Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence] [PDF]
Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O - Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby - Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog.
PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook - Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
Popular Programming Languages - Long text table compares many languages by brief descriptions matched to common tasks.
Programming Information from HB - Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
Programming Language Benchmarks - Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
Programming Language Categories - Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
Programming Language Comparison - Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
Programming Languages Mini-howto - Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
Programming Languages Study - Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages.
Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped - Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
The Quine Page - Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
Ray Tracer Language Comparison - Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy]
Reasons for TOM - TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
The ROT13 Page - ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI - Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
TMXxine Languages - Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
Water Comparisons - Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
What Languages Fix - Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham]
What's Wrong with Perl - Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
Seven Reasons I Switched Back to PHP after Two Years on Rails - Derek Sivers spent two years trying to make Rails do something it wasn't meant to do, then realized his old abandoned language (PHP) would do just fine if approached with my new Rails-gained wisdom. (September 22, 2007)
Comparing PHP with Other Languages - Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP] (February 9, 2006)
ASP vs. PHP - Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews] (December 22, 2005)
Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages - Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com. (November 11, 2003)
What I Hate About Your Programming Language - Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com] (May 12, 2003)
Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? - By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor] (November 8, 2002)
Programmers: Otters with Rocks? - Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News] (May 9, 2001)
C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1 - Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld] (November, 2000)
Is Ada a Better C? - Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article, originally titled "Ada Better Than C++?" Text and code samples. [EXE magazine] (May, 1997)
Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++ - Tables and text compare Ada 83/95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk] (July, 1996)